1
Background
1.1 The EMC Directive (89/336/EEC) is primarily concerned with removing trade barriers in the area of electromagnetic compatibility and, being a total harmonization directive, it replaces national provisions where they previously existed.
It is a new approach directive, which means that it lays down mandatory essential requirements and describes the methods by which conformity with these requirements can be demonstrated.
1.2 The directive relies on the availability of harmonised standards which provide test methods and limits, and significant work has been done to provide such methods and limits for the major industrial sectors.
2
Scope
2.1 The following represents a necessarily brief overview of the subject. The text of the directive is at all times the definitive guide to its requirements. Under its terms apparatus shall be constructed so that;
a) the electromagnetic disturbance it generates does not exceed a level allowing radio and telecommunication equipment and other apparatus to operate as intended, and that
b) the apparatus has an adequate level of intrinsic immunity to electromagnetic disturbance to enable it to operate as intended.
2.2 There have been difficulties in establishing exactly what equipment comes within the scope of the directive, and in October 1993 the Commission published "Guidelines on the Application of the Council Directive 89/336/EEC"
2.3 The directive applies to 'all electrical and electronic appliances' together with equipment and installations containing electrical and/or electronic components liable to cause electromagnetic disturbance, and the performance of which is liable to be affected by such disturbance.
2.4 In order to clarify this point, the guideline document defines a 'non-restrictive' but comprehensive range of equipment which must be considered as being covered by the directive, as follows :-
a) Emission and Immunity aspects
I. Telecommunications terminal equipment (in so far as the protection requirements are not peculiar to this equipment) (see 13th recital of Directive 91/263/EEC).; [Note: "recital" is a reference to the numerous clauses commencing with the word "whereas", with which Directives begin.]
II. Electrical household appliances, portable tools and similar equipment (last recital of the EMC Directive and Annex III (g));
III. Radio equipment used by radio amateurs if it is available commercially (Article 2(3) and Annex III (c) and (d));
IV. Radio and television receivers (Annex III (a));
V. Aeronautical and marine radio apparatus (Annex III (h));
VI. Radio and television broadcast transmission (Annex III (k));
VII. Fluorescent lighting luminaries fitted with starters (last recital of the relevant Directive);
VIII. Lights and Fluorescent lamps (Annex III (I));
IX. Industrial equipment (Annex III (b));
X. Telecommunications apparatus (Annex III (j));
XI. Information technology equipment (Annex III (f));
XII. Educational electronic equipment (Annex III (i));
b) Emission aspect only
.
I. Non-automatic weighing instruments (immunity aspect is covered by Annex I, paragraph 8(2), Directive 90/384/EEC)
c) Immunity aspect only
I. Agricultural and forestry tractors (the emission aspect is covered by Directive 75/322/EEC).
2.5 The following is a non-restrictive list of apparatus specifically excluded from the scope of the directive.
a) Emission and immunity aspects
I. Radio equipment used by radio amateurs unless the apparatus is commercially available (Article 2 (3)).
II. Motor vehicles (covered by Directive 72/245/EEC).
III. Active implantable medical devices (covered by Specific Directive 90/385/EEC).
IV. Medical devices (covered by Directive 93/42/EEC).
b) Emission aspects only
I. Agricultural or forestry tractors (covered by Directive 75/332/EEC).
c) Immunity aspects only
I. Non-automatic weighing instruments (covered by Annex 1, para 8 (90/384/EEC).
3 Definitions
3.1 Some important definitions are listed below
a) Manufacturer
The person who accepts responsibility for the design and manufacture of a product covered by the directive with a view to placing it on the Community market on his own behalf. As part of this responsibility he takes on the obligation.
to design and manufacture the product in line with the essential requirements of the directive.
to follow the relevant conformity assessment procedures as detailed in the directive.
b) Authorized representative
This is the person who is expressly appointed by the manufacturer and who acts on his behalf in respect of certain obligations laid down under the directive.
c) Importer
This is the person who places on the Community Market products covered by the directive and imported and a third country. The importer must keep the manufacturer's declaration of conformity and technical file at the disposal of the authorities, where neither the manufacturer nor his authorized representative is established within the Community. (Article 10(1) 3rd paragraph and Article 10(2), 3rd paragraph).
d) Components
The directive does not apply to components, which are defined as any item which is used in the composition of an apparatus and which is not itself an apparatus with an intrinsic function intended for the final consumer.
e) Apparatus
The directive applies to all apparatus as defined in the directive : that is, a finished product with an intrinsic function intended for the final user and intended to be placed on the market as a single commercial unit. The term equipment is synonymous with an apparatus.
f) Systems
The directive applies to systems, which are several items of apparatus combined to fulfill a specific objective and intended to be placed on the market as a single functional unit.
g) Installations
The directive does not apply to installations, which are defined as several combined items of apparatus or systems put together at a given place to fulfill a specific objective but not intended to be placed on the market as a single functional unit. Apparatus and systems which make up the installation are however subject to the provisions of the Directive.
h) Placing a product on the market
This means the first making available against payment, or free of charge, of a product covered by the directive in the Community Market for the purpose of distribution and/or use on the Community territory.
i) Putting into service
This means the first use on the Community territory, by its final user, of a product referred to in the directive.
4
Conformity Assessment
4.1 Conformity assessment is the means of demonstrating that the apparatus complies with the essential requirements of the directive. These means are described in Article 10 of the Directive. Article 10 describes the procedure by which the manufacturer applies harmonised standards. This is a self-certification approach, whereby having satisfied himself that this equipment compiles with the relevant harmonised standards, the manufacturer makes a declaration of conformity as defined in Annex I(I) and applies the CE Marking. (This follows Module A of the Council Directive 93/465/EEC on page 5 of this document).
4.2 Article 10(2) describes the procedure where the manufacturer has not applied the standards or has applied them only in part, or in the absence of relevant standards. Under these circumstances, the manufacturer compiles a technical construction file containing all the relevant technical data required to assess the product.
The file must include a certificate or technical report form a Competent Body, confirming compliance with the relevant standards.
4.3 Having satisfied himself that the equipment complies with the directive's requirements, the manufacturer draws up the declaration of conformity ( Annex I(I) ) and applies the CE Marking. This also follows Module Aa of Directive 93/465/EEC. (Page 5).
4.4 Under each approach the manufacturer must take all measures necessary to ensure that products within the scope of the directive comply with the protection requirements described in the declaration of conformity in the former case, and the technical construction file and the applicable requirements of relevant standards in the latter.
5
Article 10 (5)
5.1 This article concerns equipment designed for transmission of radio communications.
The manufacturer must obtain an EC Type-Examination certificate from a Notified Body, and declare that his series - manufactured products conform to the type as described in the certificate, and ensure that they satisfy the protection requirement of the directive.
He then declares conformity with directive (Annex I(I) ) and applies the CE Marking.
6
Bodies defined under the EMC Directive
6.1 Competent Authorities
These are the administrations of the Member States which are responsible for Market Control.
6.2 Competent Bodies
The EMC Directive defines a body as competent if it fulfills the Annex II of the Directive criteria. They are presumed competent if they can prove their conformity with the appropriate harmonised standard of the EN 45000 series.
The Competent body issues the technical reports or certificates referred to in Article 10 (2) of the Directive. The "guideline document" lists the known Competent Bodies.
6.3 Notified Bodies
A notified body must fulfill the requirements as set out an Annex II of the directive. It must be able to furnish proof that it conforms to the appropriate harmonised standards in the EN 45001.
7
Implementation
7.1 The provisions of this directive have applied since 1st January 1992. However due to its wide scope, it was necessary to introduce a transitional period in order to ensure that a smooth changeover from purely national systems to an exclusively community-wide system took place. On 28th April 1992, the Council adopted Directive 92/31/EEC to allow a transitional period until 31st December 1995. During this transitional period, national systems may continue to be used, alongside the system given in the directive. Since 1st January 1996, the EMC Directive has become mandatory.
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Monday, July 5, 2010
Customer FOCUS
We need to be obsessed with our consumers, says Manwani
Ask Harish Manwani (56), chairman, Hindustan Unilever (HUL), what could possibly give him sleepless nights, and hidden in his response is his endeavour to enlarge the consumer base of HUL. "I get sleepless nights when I walk into a store and see a consumer pick up a competitor's product," Manwani told Namrata Singh, in an hour-long interview. As president (Asia & Africa, Central & Eastern Europe), Unilever, Manwani is equally passionate about developing & emerging (D&E) markets fuelling Unilever's future requirement of talent. At the same time, at HUL, where he started his career in 1976, he wants the CEO/chairman to serve longer tenures. As one who plays an occasional game of bridge, Manwani would know his moves well in advance. In his sixth year as chairman of India's largest fast-moving consumer goods company, Manwani, also a member of Unilever Executive, says, he's not getting bored and that there's plenty to do. Excerpts:
It's been five years since you took over as chairman. How do view this inning?
The last five years have been exciting. I have had the good fortune to be part of a major change that we are leading within Unilever. D&E markets which accounted for 34% of Unilever in 2004, now accounts for 50% plus. This shift takes place in a lifetime. We are poised to see this shift happening faster than we thought. I have no doubt that by 2020, you would see a Unilever which will have not just a significant part of its business coming from D&E markets, but a lot of its thought leadership and talent emanating from this part of the world. I'm glad to be a part of this journey.
But analysts don't seem all that excited about HUL.
At the end of the day, the analysts have to decide on the basis of their own spreadsheets, where they want to put their money. Our proposition is more for medium- to long-term investors. They never abandon us in a hurry. When the markets tank, we don't normally just go down with them. People know this is a rock solid business. We must have the humility to understand that in our business, our report card is written everytime the consumer goes shopping. We are assessed on a daily basis. I'm less concerned about what happens in three months or six months. What's important is, are we creating value for the longer term? More importantly, are we going to be in business in the next 100 years? As a business, we need to be obsessed with our consumers. By definition, our shareholders will get rewarded and our investors will have a different perspective. People recognise that whether you happen to be in consumer goods or steel or refrigerators, it is companies that have robust business models that are built to last. HUL is built to last.
What's the target?
In India, we are talking about remaining relevant 10, 15, 20 years to all Indian consumers. We are looking at where the consumers are going. We have an energising growth vision about creating the shift in our growth trajectory. We are conscious that with all the legacy assets, great businesses are about creating the gaps between you and your competition. When I joined HUL as a sales manager my job was to build brands in rural markets. A few years ago, we created Shakti. In a disruptive way, we created the next gap. While everyone was going into stores, we went into consumers' homes. The second bet is innovation. In the last one year, we've had 30 launches. While most of the time what's visible is some competitive battle we are fighting.
How would you ensure that HUL meets the target of doubling the business?
Doubling the business is a Unilever objective. If I double the business in D&E markets in ten years, I'm doing a bad job. In this region, we've added on Euro 5 billion of turnover in less than five years, and India has given a significant contribution. Our Indian business was not growing upto 2004, what do you think has been the growth rate between 2005 and 2009? (It's a 50% growth if one compares HUL's turnovers of 2005 and 2010).
HUL had a target of doubling its turnover every 5 years and profits every four years...
There was a context in which a certain ambition was set. That is not to say that this is not our ambition. I have been associated with it in the past. At one stage we had achieved it. It is no mean feat that in a context which is changing in the last four years, this business has turned around from not growing to growing 13% per annum. When we say we have added 50% growth in five years, the fact of the matter is between 2005 and 2009, we've added more turnover than three-four of our competitors put together. From Rs 11,000 crore to 17,000 crore, that’s six thousand crore. Am I worried about 25-30% growth? That'll happen if I'm passionate about what my consumer wants. If 7 out of 10 consumers buy our brand, it couldn't be that we are doing a bad job. The thing is I want 8 out of 10 consumers to buy our brand.
Many local/regional laundry brands are giving HUL sleepless nights...
I don't agree. We have sleepless nights because we want to do constantly better. I get sleepless nights if a consumer picks up a competitor’s product. Wheel must be a superior product at its price point. If it is not, it will lose, and more likely to a local competitor. Do you know there were 1,500 new brand entries in the last 18 months? The fact of the matter is that we are able to compete. We are still the number one player in market share.
On your laundry war with P&G, the matter has been in the courts. Are you open to some kind of a compromise to end this?
I don't believe there is any such thing as a compromise. We are here to focus on our consumers. We cannot get derailed about a longer term agenda. Rin is a superior product. We would not be making the challenge that we have in the media if it wasn't superior.
If there is a competitive threat, we have to recognise it for what it is. We are not going to sit back and start getting into a thinking mode when we may have to take action immediately. So we will move decisively with speed in the market and have an unblinking defence of our categories when we are under attack.
It's been five years since you took over as chairman. How do view this inning?
The last five years have been exciting. I have had the good fortune to be part of a major change that we are leading within Unilever. D&E markets which accounted for 34% of Unilever in 2004, now accounts for 50% plus. This shift takes place in a lifetime. We are poised to see this shift happening faster than we thought. I have no doubt that by 2020, you would see a Unilever which will have not just a significant part of its business coming from D&E markets, but a lot of its thought leadership and talent emanating from this part of the world. I'm glad to be a part of this journey.
But analysts don't seem all that excited about HUL.
At the end of the day, the analysts have to decide on the basis of their own spreadsheets, where they want to put their money. Our proposition is more for medium- to long-term investors. They never abandon us in a hurry. When the markets tank, we don't normally just go down with them. People know this is a rock solid business. We must have the humility to understand that in our business, our report card is written everytime the consumer goes shopping. We are assessed on a daily basis. I'm less concerned about what happens in three months or six months. What's important is, are we creating value for the longer term? More importantly, are we going to be in business in the next 100 years? As a business, we need to be obsessed with our consumers. By definition, our shareholders will get rewarded and our investors will have a different perspective. People recognise that whether you happen to be in consumer goods or steel or refrigerators, it is companies that have robust business models that are built to last. HUL is built to last.
What's the target?
In India, we are talking about remaining relevant 10, 15, 20 years to all Indian consumers. We are looking at where the consumers are going. We have an energising growth vision about creating the shift in our growth trajectory. We are conscious that with all the legacy assets, great businesses are about creating the gaps between you and your competition. When I joined HUL as a sales manager my job was to build brands in rural markets. A few years ago, we created Shakti. In a disruptive way, we created the next gap. While everyone was going into stores, we went into consumers' homes. The second bet is innovation. In the last one year, we've had 30 launches. While most of the time what's visible is some competitive battle we are fighting.
How would you ensure that HUL meets the target of doubling the business?
Doubling the business is a Unilever objective. If I double the business in D&E markets in ten years, I'm doing a bad job. In this region, we've added on Euro 5 billion of turnover in less than five years, and India has given a significant contribution. Our Indian business was not growing upto 2004, what do you think has been the growth rate between 2005 and 2009? (It's a 50% growth if one compares HUL's turnovers of 2005 and 2010).
HUL had a target of doubling its turnover every 5 years and profits every four years...
There was a context in which a certain ambition was set. That is not to say that this is not our ambition. I have been associated with it in the past. At one stage we had achieved it. It is no mean feat that in a context which is changing in the last four years, this business has turned around from not growing to growing 13% per annum. When we say we have added 50% growth in five years, the fact of the matter is between 2005 and 2009, we've added more turnover than three-four of our competitors put together. From Rs 11,000 crore to 17,000 crore, that’s six thousand crore. Am I worried about 25-30% growth? That'll happen if I'm passionate about what my consumer wants. If 7 out of 10 consumers buy our brand, it couldn't be that we are doing a bad job. The thing is I want 8 out of 10 consumers to buy our brand.
Many local/regional laundry brands are giving HUL sleepless nights...
I don't agree. We have sleepless nights because we want to do constantly better. I get sleepless nights if a consumer picks up a competitor’s product. Wheel must be a superior product at its price point. If it is not, it will lose, and more likely to a local competitor. Do you know there were 1,500 new brand entries in the last 18 months? The fact of the matter is that we are able to compete. We are still the number one player in market share.
On your laundry war with P&G, the matter has been in the courts. Are you open to some kind of a compromise to end this?
I don't believe there is any such thing as a compromise. We are here to focus on our consumers. We cannot get derailed about a longer term agenda. Rin is a superior product. We would not be making the challenge that we have in the media if it wasn't superior.
If there is a competitive threat, we have to recognise it for what it is. We are not going to sit back and start getting into a thinking mode when we may have to take action immediately. So we will move decisively with speed in the market and have an unblinking defence of our categories when we are under attack.
Source
Sunday, July 4, 2010
Energy Management
ONE DAY TECHNICAL WORKSHOP ON
Adoption of energy efficient process technologies & practices and implementation of Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC) in Buildings/ Hotels/ Hospitals/ BPO
| City | Date | Timing | Venue of Workshop |
| New Delhi | 27th July 2010 | 9.00 AM to 5.30 PM | ASSOCHAM 47 Prithvi Raj Road, Opp. Safdarjung Tomb New Delhi - 110 011 |
1. Background
The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (52 of 2001) empowers the Central Government under Section 14(p) read with Section 56(2)(l) to prescribe Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC). The Code defines norms and standards for the energy performance of buildings and their components based on the climate zone in which they are located.
Under the leadership of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), a Committee of Experts finalized ECBC in consultation with various Stakeholders in 2007, with an overall purpose to provide minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design and construction of buildings. ECBC covers building envelop, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system, interior and exterior lighting system, service hot water, electrical power system and motors. In May 2007, the Ministry of Power, Government of India formally launched the ECBC for its voluntary adoption in the country. Since then, BEE has been promoting and facilitating its adoption through several training and capacity building programmes.
Life Long Learning (3L) Programme has been launched to update the knowledge of energy professionals on specialized topics related to new technologies, software in identifying the key areas of high energy consumption and their minimization. As per the EC Act also it is necessary for the Energy Managers & Energy Auditors to update their knowledge and attend such workshops.
2. Objective of the Workshop
There is scope for saving 10-15% on energy bills in this sector by using energy efficient technology & practices. This workshop is being organized with the main objective to disseminate information about State–of-Art energy efficient technologies available for Buildings by experts working in this field. After launch of the ECBC Code, BEE has been promoting and facilitating its adoption through several training and capacity building programmes. Actual success stories of Buildings will be discussed.
We invite you to present paper on success stories & energy management initiative taken in your organisation.
3. Who should attend
The workshop will be very useful for senior / middle level executives from industry and practitioners of the Buildings, who are involved in:
· Design, planning and maintenance of Buildings, Energy Manager & member of Energy Management Cell;
· Energy management and energy auditing professionals to comply with provisions of the Energy Conservation Act.;
· Energy Audit firms and energy efficient Technology providers for buildings
· Energy efficient equipment suppliers for this sector.
A general basic knowledge of buildings processes / engineering and utilities requirement is necessary to follow the lectures by experts.
4. Speakers
Eminent and experienced speakers from:
§ Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power
§ German Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
§ Specialist from Buildings on Energy Efficiency
§ Energy efficient technology & equipment suppliers related to Buildings.
§ Building Energy Audit Firms
5. Major Topics for Workshop technical sessions
· Implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in India
· Future energy efficient technology in this sector
· Building envelops, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system, interior and exterior lighting system, service hot water, electrical power system and motors. for Buildings
· Energy Audit and Guidelines for saving energy
· Case studies/ success stories from Indian Buildings.
6. Registration Charges:
Corporate Participants and industry members Rs. 5,000 per participant
50% discount on normal fees on Rs. 5,000/-
for Energy Auditors & Energy Managers Rs. 2,500 per participant
(who have passed / appeared BEE’s National Certification Examination of EM/EA)
As per Section 49 of Energy Conservation Act 2001, BEE is exempted for paying Income Tax, therefore the workshop fee should be made without TDS.
All participants get:
· Participation certificate issued by BEE duly signed by DG (BEE).
· Workshop kit: Conference bag, writing note book, pen, learning material hard copy, softcopy, website CD, energy management posters.
7. 3L Programme Co-ordinators
| Mr. Kaushal Raizada, Programme Co-ordinator Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power, 4th Floor, Sewa Bhawan, R.K. Puram, New Delhi -110 066 Fax: 011-26194564 Ph: 011-26194770 Email: info@emt.in, kaushal.gtz@gmail.com
| Mr. Anil Sharma, 3L Manager IGEN, BEE Email: aks3l@energymanagertraining.com Mr. Ashok Kumar, Advisor-Information IGEN, BEE Email: akumar@emt.in |
For more details log on to www.energymanagertraining.com
Registration:
Please send Nomination form with workshop fee to Mr. Ashok Kumar, Advisor–Information, IGEN, Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 4th Floor, Sewa Bhawan, R.K. Puram, New Delhi -110066 with At Par Cheque/ Demand Draft in favour of “BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY” payable at New Delhi.
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BUREAU OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY MINISTRY OF POWER, GOVERNMENT OF |
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